Advertising Light Beer Essay

Our group decided to focus on light beer that is targeted to mainly college students. Since our clients are college students, we wanted to relate to their preferences of mainly inexpensive beer. We agreed to focus on competitors such as Bud Light, Miller Lite, and Coors Light, who all target mainly college students. According to an online article â€Å"Social Media Overview of Coors light, Bud Light, and Dogfish Head Brewery† Coors Light beer is one of the most popular beer brands in North America. Coors Light’s target demographic appears to be college students. After researching Coors Light’s social media we have learned that they do not update their Twitter page on a regular basis. In fact, their first â€Å"tweet† on Twitter was back in October 2009 that wrote, â€Å"Coors light BC is now on Twitter! This is your home base for the most up to date Coors Light Information, check here for event info and more.† Also, the only official Coors Light Twi tter account is named @CoorsLightBC, created from British Columbia and Canada. The article explains that since the creation of the Coors Light account, the company has only achieved a few over four hundred followers, and only having forty nine tweets. When searching, Coors Light on Facebook, the Canadian website appears, which only has a little over one hundred â€Å"likes† and only posted one picture that did not have an explanation beneath it describing the picture. Coors Light makes it difficult for its company to build brand awareness and drive customer engagement, which social media is greatly used to do. Coors Light’s Facebook page is bare and not informative. Since Coors Light targets their beer towards mainly college students, which most college students have Facebook pages, we feel that this puts Coors Light at a disadvantage. Since they are not updating statuses on Facebook or interacting with Facebook friends, they are not building brand awareness or driving customer engagement through this medium. Bud Light is the â€Å"number one selling beer† in the United States, according to an online article from Social Media Overview. Before researching, our group thought that Bud Light and Coors would be heavily involved with social media. However, we were surprised to see that the two large industries do not rely on social media. Bud Light does not have a Twitter account, however Budweiser does. Although Bud Light does not rely on Twitter to promote its beer, Bud Light is active on Facebook. Our group likes the updated format and timeline that Bud Light’s Facebook page has to offer. The pictures are appealing and they have over thousands of â€Å"likes.† The official website offers a place where you can watch the video ads for Bud Light, which was a good thing to include in the site. It also states at the top of the page that it is the official sponsor of the NFL. In addition, Bud Light Platinum has its own page, which it gives descriptions and other interesting information. For example, Bud Light’s well developed page offers Facebook friends chances to win contests along with other promotions. Our group enjoyed reading status updates on Bud Light’s page that tries to engage conversation with Facebook friends. In addition to Bud Light using Facebook frequently, Miller Lite plays an active role using Facebook to communicate with customers. Miller Lite uses its Facebook page to advertise its products, celebrity endorsements, videos, along with contests also. Miller’s Facebook page is easily accessed through visiting Miller Lite’s home website page. When looking for Miller Lite on Twitter, Miller Lite MX and Miller Lite Panama are the first two to appear, which both are in mostly Spanish. However, both Miller Lite Twitter accounts have over one thousand followers, and tweet consistently on a daily basis. We found it confusing trying to find Miller Lite’s U.S. Twitter page, since the other two accounts were in Spanish we did not find Twitter to be very useful to learn about Miller Lite. The Miller Lite website uses celebrity endorsements such as NASCAR driver Brad Keselowski and there is a button to follow Brad on Twitter. There is also a Miller Lite shop where you can purchase hats, t-shirts, etc online. We liked how they had a place on the website where you can find stores that sell Miller Lite near you and locate them. There was also a video blog with the Miller Lite commercials. Our group has learned that many popular and profitable companies do not frequently update their Facebook or Twitter page. However, being involved with social media can benefit companies greatly by giving them the opportunities to build brand awareness and drive customer engagement Works Cited http://patperdue.com/social-media-overview-of-coors-light-budlight-and-dogfish-head-brewery/ http://www.facebook.com/#!/miller.lite3 http://www.facebook.com/#!/pages/BUD-Light-Platinum/270969619613664 http://millerlite.com/ http://www.budlight.com/age_gate.php http://www.coorslight.com/AgeGate/

Mental Illness Paper

Mental Illness Paper Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is real illness that can be treated with medicine and therapy. When have OCD, you have recurring, upsetting thoughts (called obsessions). You repeat doing the same thing, over and over again (called compulsions) to make the thoughts go away. And, you feel like you cannot control or stop these thoughts or actions. The obsessions, or upsetting thoughts, can include things like a fear of germs, a fear of begin hurt, a fear of hurting others, and disturbing religious or sexual thoughts. The compulsions, or actions you repeat to make the thoughts go away, can be things like counting, cleanings hand washing, and checking on things. While these actions provide only short-lived relief, not doing them only increases anxiety. Many people who have OCD know that their actions often do not make sense. They may try to hide their problem from family and friends, and may have trouble keeping a job because of their actions. Without treatment, obsessions and the need to perform rituals can take over a person’s life. OCD is an anxiety disorder that can be life-long. A person with OCD can also recover and then get the illness again, or relapse. This illness affects women and men in equal numbers. Most often, OCD begins during the teenage years or early childhood, although it can start in an adult. For many years, mental health professionals thought of OCD as a rare disease because only a small minority of their patients had the condition. The disorder often went unrecognized because many of those afflicted with OCD, in efforts to keep their repetitive thoughts and behaviors secret, failed to seek treatment. This led to underestimates of the number of people with the illness. Time changes all concepts. â€Å"OCD† is no exception. In the seventeenth century, obsessions and compulsions were often described as symptoms of religious melancholy. The Oxford Don, Robert Burton, reported a case in his compendium, the Anatomy of Melancholy(1621: â€Å"If he be in a silent auditory, as at a sermon, he is afraid he shall speak aloud and unaware, something indecent, unfit to be said†. In 1660, Jeremy Taylor, bishop of Down and Connor, Ireland, was referring to obsessional doubting when he wrote of â€Å"scruples†. A scruple is trouble where the trouble is over a doubt when doubts are resolved. OCD is recognized as the fourth most common mental disorder following, in order of occurrence, substance abuse, phobias, and major depression (Spengler, Jacobi, 1998). Perhaps part of the reason for the â€Å"confusion† is that several disorders manifest ideational processes that ar e much like the obsessional thinking in OCD. People with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) also have cognitive processes that are intrusive, repetitive, and exaggerated. The difference lies in how clients view their obsessions. OCD that comes and goes some children will have one obsession or compulsion for a few months and then it will disappear. There may be no obsessions or compulsions for years, and then they might return for no apparent reason. OCD that comes, but never exactly leaves a common pattern is for a person to have a number of obsessions and compulsions which are quite severe, but which then lessen, at least for awhile. Example of OCD that comes and goes: Jody was 6; she had a little â€Å"habit†. Before she picked up anything in her hand, she would very lightly touch it once with her index finger. When her parents asked her why, Jody just said that she liked to. There were no other obsessions or compulsions. Although no one mentioned it outside of the family, Jody’s mother and father became worried when Jody’s little sister, age 3 started imitating this habit. There were about to see their family doctor about this when it started to go away and never really came back. Two years later, after no signs of OCD, Jody started counting. She thought her mother, who had a routine hysterectomy, would die if she made a mistake. She was counting and checking her counting for errors each day. Only when they were in the pediatric psychiatrist’s office did they remember the â€Å"habit† she had at age 6. For a long time OCD was thought to be an infrequent disorder. In other words, it was believed to be rare among â€Å"general population†. Now, it is estimated that over the course of a lifetime approximately 2. 5 percent of individuals will develop this disorder. For children and adolescents, it is estimated that approximately the same percentage suffers from this disorder. In fact, this figure appears to be consistent with regard to American populations and worldwide populations, as well as male and female occurrences. Clinical and animal research sponsored by NIMH (National Institute of Mental Disorders) and other scientific organizations has provided information leading to both pharmacologic and behavioral treatments that can benefit the person with OCD. One patient may benefit significantly from behavior therapy, while another will benefit from pharmacotherapy. Some others may use both medication and behavior therapy. Others may begin with medication to gain control over their symptoms and then continue with behavior therapy. Which therapy to use should be decided by the individual patient in consultation with his/her therapist? Treatment with psychotherapy includes cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and behavioral therapy. In CBT, the goal is to change how a person thinks about, and then reacts to, a situation that makes them anxious or fearful. In behavioral therapy, the focus is on changing how a person reacts to a situation. BCT or behavioral therapy most often lasts for 12 weeks. It can be group or individual therapy. A special type of behavior therapy, call exposure and response prevention, is often used with OCD. With this approach, a person is exposed to whatever triggers the obsessive thoughts. Then the person is taught ways to avoid doing the compulsive rituals, and how to deal with the anxiety. Some studies have shown that the benefits of CBT or behavioral therapy las longer than do those of medications for people with OCD. Clinical trials in recent years have shown that drugs that affect the neurotransmitter serotonin can significantly decrease the symptoms of OCD. The first of these serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) specifically approved for the use in the treatment of OCD was tricyclic antidepressant clomipramine (Anafranil). It was followed by other SRIs that are called â€Å"selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors† (SSRIs). Those that are approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of OCD are fluoxetine (Prozac), fluvoxamine (Luvox), and paroxetine (Paxil). Large studies have shown that more than three-quarters of patients are helped by these medications at least a little. Another neurotransmitter is also believed to result in mental illness when it is not working properly, this neurotransmitter called nor epinephrine. Studies have revealed that individuals with OCD have an insufficient level or serotonin, one of the brain’s neurotransmitters. Other studies also reveal that some individuals with OCD have abnormalities in dopaminergic transmission. Commonly, OCD is first diagnosed when parents recognize that their young child or teenager seems preoccupied with ritualistic behaviors associated with excessive cleanliness or unusually meticulous organization, and they seek help from a mental health professional. Adults on the other hand, may seek professional help when they realize that it is becoming difficult for them to do their job or school work because they are spending too much time with their obsessive thoughts or compulsive behaviors. Therapists make the diagnosis of OCD by taking a careful personal history from the patient/client and any available family members, such as in the case of a young child. Although most people improve with adequate treatment, the condition can continue for many years. Primary care physician should be familiar with the various ways obsessive-compulsive disorder can present and should be able to recognize clues to the presence of obsessions or compulsions. Proper diagnosis and education about the nature of the disorder are important first steps in recovery. Treatment is rarely curative, but patients can have significant improvement in symptoms. Obsessive-compulsive disorder is chronic condition with a high rate of relapse. Discontinuation of treatment should be undertaken with caution. Patients should be closely monitored for comorbid depression and suicidal ideation. People with OCD sometimes also abuse alcohol and drugs and can have other illnesses, such as depression, eating disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), or other anxiety disorders. When a person also has other illnesses, OCD is often harder to diagnose and treat. Symptoms of OCD include; having upsetting thoughts or images enter your mind again and again, washing your hands, cleaning, re-arranging objects, doing things until it feels â€Å"right,† or collecting useless objects, worrying a lot about terrible things that could happen if you are not careful. If you think you may have symptoms of OCD, visit your doctor is the best place to start. Keep in mind that it can be a challenge to find the right treatment for an anxiety disorder. But, if one treatment does not work, the odds are good that another one will. New treatments are being developed through ongoing research. If a person has recovered from an anxiety disorder and it comes back at a later date, the person can be treated again the skills you learned dealing with the disorder the first time can help you in coping with it again. As the twenty-first century begins, advances in pharmacology, neuroanatomy, neurophysiology and learning theory have allowed us to reach a more therapeutically useful conceptualization of OCD. Although the causes of the disorder still elude us, the recent identification of children with OCD caused by an autoimmune response to group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection promises to bring increased understanding of the disorder’s pathogenesis. References (n. d). Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Washington, District of Columbia, US: US Department of Health and Human Services, Office on Women's Health; the National Women's Health Information Center. Retrieved from PsycEXTRA http://search. ebscohost. com/login. aspx? direct=true&db=pxh&AN=303972004-001&site=ehost-livedatabase. Depression & Anxiety (1091-4269); 2008, Vol. 25 Issue 9, p761-767, 7p, 3 Charts, 2 http://search. ebscohost. com/login. aspx? direct=true&db=a9h&AN=34281062&site=ehost-live Abel, J. (1994, March). Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Interdisciplinary Treatment May Be Best. Clinician's Research Digest, p. . Retrieved from PsycEXTRA database. Stanford Medicine  » School of Medicine  » Departments  » Psychiatry  » OCD Research »Treatment http://ocd. stanford. edu/treatment/history. html Symptoms of OCD (Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder)http://counsellingresource. com/distress/anxiety-disorders/obsessive-compulsive. html The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) is part of the National Institutes of H ealth (NIH), a component of the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. http://www. nimh. nih. gov/health/topics/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd/index. shtml

Project Management Process Group - Project Monitoring and Essay

Project Management Process Group - Project Monitoring and Control----management paper - Essay Example The managers entrusted with the project have developed several approaches to track and control changes to the schedule and cost besides managing all identified risks through standard procedures. For effective management, a team of two project managers (known as the high-level and low-level project managers respectively) have been nominated from the company’s management team who will oversee the entire process of ugradation to the new EU regulatory directives. The PD will delegate the activities of requirements and change management to a requirements team (RT) comprising several well-qualified professionals. For further information on the project team, please refer to the chapter titled ‘Stakeholders and Stakeholder management’. All requirements are developed through a formal process and stored in one of the company’s network drives in MS Access format, allowing a proper definition all required components and resources besides using it as a reference point for all purposes of management, monitoring and control. The primary purpose of storing all requirements in a database is to retrieve them when required and develop traceability matrices through them. The traceability matrix is an easy way of checking whether each of the requirements identified are met and to help create various documents such as a request for proposal, deliverable documents as well as plan individual project tasks. The use of a web based solution has facilitated an automated creation of all these components whenever required. It must be mentioned at this particular juncture that the requirements analysis (RA) processes are performed constantly through a series of regular stakeholder interviews. A list of stakeholders has been provided below. Besides identifying all the required changes to implement the directives (and also the non-compulsory directives in the

Visual Literacy in Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Visual Literacy in Business - Essay Example Marketers are able to direct and instant feedback from their products thus being able to make changes on their products as well as knowing where their target clients are located. On the social front, visual media has help promote interaction among people from various parts of the world thus promoting rapid sharing of positive ideas and programs. On the other hand, visual media can impact negatively on those exposed to it such as children. This can take place when the content is violent or appear unethical. It may lead to depression, anxiety, nightmares or aggressive conduct (Baehr & Snyder, 2003). Some children may go to the extent of missing out from school, having sleeping problems or show general withdrawal syndrome. Some items posted for marketing may be different from what they actually look like hence online shoppers can be cheated. There are ethical concerns associated with this shift. There have increased the rate of unfair business operations that can take advantage of less sensitive business

Nature Of The Mind Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nature Of The Mind - Assignment Example This means that whatever is conceived in the mind is also logically possible. For instance, a person can assume a nonphysical state upon conception of that thought. In this case, the person disregards the body as an indispensable feature of his being. This, according to Descartes, implies that the mind is an important feature to that individual. Therefore, the person is an immaterial, thinking being (Vaughn 63). Chalmers theory of mind is known as property dualism. He asserts that mind states or properties are different from physical states. The mental states emanates from physical properties but not necessarily identical to them. This implies that the relationship between the states of mind and physical properties is that of supervenience. In this case, the mental states are more powerful than physical states. However, the existence of mind states largely depends on the physical states. From this relationship, there exists a kind of dualism between nonphysical and physical features. He concludes that mind features are superior to physical properties. From the provisions of the two theories, there arise similarities and differences. The most striking similarity is that of acknowledging the mind as superior to the physical states. In the argument presented by Descartes, superiority of the mind emerges when existence of physical states is brought about by the mind. This shows the power of the mind to create and dismiss the physical states. Similarly, arguments brought forward by Chalmers recognize the mind as the all-powerful entity between the two. Physical properties are given meaning by the mind (Vaughn 66). The arguments differ from each other when in-depth analysis and evaluation are done. There is no superficial difference observable but it takes the examination approach to bring it to the surface. The difference is evident when prescriptive and descriptive aspects are considered. Descartes’ argument implies

Individual Marketing Analysis Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Individual Marketing Analysis Paper - Essay Example Furthermore, marketing analysis plays a great role in providing reliable, precise, appropriate and current information to the management. Increase in competition and the hike in production costs because of poor decision-making calls for market analysis to provide sound information to evade poor returns. It helps marketing managers to connect various marketing variables with the environment and customers (Kotler, 2008). Failure to have relevant information, consumer’s responses cannot be predicted in a reliable and accurate manner. Marketing research involves various forms like advertising analysis, which entails tracing the effectiveness of advertisements for any medium. This can be assessed by examining the ability of the medium to communicate the message, create a brilliant image for the brand and induce the consumer to buy the product or service. Demand analysis is also a core part in market analysis. It involves determination of the approximate level of demand of a certain product or service. This entails research on the prospective clientele who are enthusiastic and able to purchase the given product at a particular time. Notably, distribution analysis is a key area in marketing analysis at it provides sound information on the distributors and retailers attitudes towards the product or service on offer (Kotler, 2008). ... Product position involves changing the way target consumers view products or services offered relative to the identity of competing products in the market. Effective product positioning is depended upon identification of the product uniqueness, its distinguishing functions and fairness in its price (Kotler, 2008). Product positioning involves various processes, which include, identification of other competitors in the market offering same products, getting knowledge on how competitors position their businesses. This comparison of business positioning enables competitors to know the vital and the most viable areas for differentiation. Additionally, developing positioning statement messages to be used for effective communication is fundamental in any positioning strategy. This study establishes that, in a rapidly changing market, it is advisable to reposition the whole company instead of only repositioning the product line. This does not only involve marketing challenge, but also judgi ng on how a market is adjusting and most critical how firm’s competitors will react. On the other hand, competitive positioning involves coming up with strengths and weaknesses of prevalent and able competitors in the market. This analysis provides room for identification of viable opportunities and threats to the business prosperity (Kotler, 2008). Principally, it is easier for a seller to generate new prospects and direct them to buy his/her products if the market clearly sees how his products are unique as compared to the ones offered by competitors in the market. The key element in positioning strategy involves value proposition. We have three vital types of value, namely Operational excellence, consumer closeness and product leadership. Consumer perception of

Obligations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Obligations - Essay Example The specific performance of the task by the offerree is the objective indicating that the offerree has agreed to the terms of offer and acceptance. Therefore, it flows that there are three aspects to it, firstly, there is a valid offer flowing from the offeror to the offerree, secondly, the offeree accepts the offer by promise or conduct and thirdly, the object of consideration is fulfilled by the offerree. Therefore it could be logically analysed that the offer is an expression of willingness to contract on certain terms and the intention of the offerree, upon specific performance, becomes binding as soon as it is accepted by the person to whom it is intended. (Offer). In the above case, Aishah fulfilled the terms of the offer made by her father, Hasan, by attending all her seminars and also by graduating with a first class degree. By conduct she has accepted and fulfilled all the terms of the agreement. Thus her father is bound to pay her  £1000 and also give her a car as promised to her through a valid offer. This could be enforced by Aishah on her father, Hasan. There are several rules which govern offer and acceptance. In the first place, the communication of acceptance has to be communicated to the offeror by the offeree, or by any other person. Again, in case of non-acceptance, the fact should also be communicated to the offeror. In the leading case, Felthouse v.Bindley (1862) 142 ER 1037, it was held that silence was not tantamount to acceptance. The details of this case were that an uncle wrote to his nephew expressing his intentions to buy one of his horses. He wrote if he did not hear from the nephew, he would consider the horse as his (uncle) own. The nephew did not reply. The uncle though he had established ownership over the horse by implicit acceptance. However, later, the horse was sold through auction. The uncle sued the auctioneers, on the grounds that

Adoption of standardized terminologies Coursework

Adoption of standardized terminologies - Coursework Example In my capacity as a practicing research clinical nurse, I would welcome the implementation of Nursing Intervention Classification (NIC) standardized terminology. NIC is a broad, research-based, standardized classification of care-interventions that clinical nurses perform (Nolan, 2004). It is important for communication of care all over, clinical documentation, productivity measurement, and integration of data across systems and settings, competency evaluation, effectiveness research, curricular design and reimbursement (Clark & Lang, 1992). The NIC Classification comprises of both collaborative and independent interventions that clinical nurses do on behalf of their patients as well as both direct and indirect patient care. Nurses define an intervention as any vital treatment, based on clinical knowledge, wisdom and judgment that a clinical nurse performs to boost client or patient outcomes (Nolan, 2004). I would welcome NIC because it is useful in all clinical settings from acute care ICUs to home care, hospice and primary care. NIC can also be used in all medical specialties from critical patient care to ambulatory care, as well as long-term care (Nolan, 2004). Although the entire NIC classification only describes the nursing domain, some of its interventions are also done by other care providers. Moreover, NIC is also applicable to other non-physician providers in describing their treatments. It is a terminology that can save many situations in case of emergencies in care, in the presence and absence of a nurse (Clark & Lang,

National Centre for Missing and Exploited Essay Example for Free

National Centre for Missing and Exploited Essay With the advancement of technology; Desk top computers, lap tops or note book computers, PDAs, Mobile hand sets etc. and with the aid of wired and wireless networks, access to Internet world or Instant Messaging (IM) opened up a whole new dimension of human experience. Cyberspace has been mentioned so often that it may at this point seem trite and overly commercialised. Cyberspace is currently used in a primarily symbolic sense and is mostly associated with the Internet. When a user sits in front of a computer and switches it on, they can bring up an environment of hypertext. It can seem like there is, behind the screen, an immense reservoir of information, which is also constantly being added to. A user is certainly aware that the people and processes that generate this information, and places where the information is stored, are not behind the screen or in the hard drive, but we nevertheless take the computer as a gateway to another place where other people have done similar things. Conceptually, we tend to envision a non-physical space existing between here and there, and believe that we can access that space by utilizing computer-based technologies. We send messages to others by e-mail, or talk to others in a chat room. Cyber-culture is significant, but it is still non-consequential at the ontological level. The more exciting thing is that cyberspace and virtual reality can go even further. Combining it with the technology of teleoperation, we can enter into cyberspace and interact with artificial objects to manipulate the actual physical process. Cyberspace hasnt yet replaced the telephone, but instant messaging is becoming an indispensable means of teen socialization, according to a study out. Nearly three out of four online teens 13 million use instant messages (IMs), according to the study of kids ages 12 to 17 from the Pew Internet American Life Project. It clearly states that teens are fond of using instant messaging to pass information for various purposes. Cyberspace attracts teens who are between 14 and 16 year old, said Lisa Carlton. Instant messaging, which requires downloadable software (or comes built in with America Online and some other Net providers), allows users to carry on one or more real-time conversations simultaneously in text windows that pop up on a users computer screen. The above report says teens use IMs to communicate with teachers about schoolwork, flirt, ask someone out and even break up. Most of the teens realize that messaging system has become part of their life up to some extent. Some newer concepts of instant messaging try to make a decentralized instant messaging system via peer-to-peer technology. In such a system, a distributed hash table lookup is used to determine if buddies are online or not. This approach tries to make instant messaging independent of a central authority. Everything they talk about in the offline world has migrated online, says Pews Amanda Lenhart, principal author of the study. Some of the most difficult conversations these kids have happen over instant messaging. On average, a teen IM session includes online chat with more than three friends simultaneously, Pew says. This survey provides basis for teens trends of modern living. Instant messaging, a skill, maybe an ability, but its something our young people can do, says Joseph Walther, a communications professor at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, N. Y. , and editor of the Journal of Online Behavior. He says researchers at Cornell University define split or simultaneous attention as the capacity to do two different communication skills at the same time. Among other findings, Most online teens (69%) engage in IM conversations several times weekly; 35% IM every day; 45% IM every time they go online. Close to half of teens (46%) say they spend between a half-hour and an hour on instant messaging each session; and an additional 21% say they spend more than an hour on a typical session. Time span of using instant messaging system by teens reflects their requirement for availing these services to utilise every moment of life purposeful. But theres a flip side to continuous conversation. Cornell found that some students were using wireless devices to IM friends during class while pretending to take notes and had lower grades. Another study released last month found that college students -especially lonely freshmen -who stayed up late to IM friends tended to miss more classes and be unprepared for coursework. This is a drawback of such an advanced technology and students must be trained for proper utilisation of services. (USATODAY. com) Another report published in USA TODAY indicates- Thirteen-year-old singer Brittney Cleary wanted to debut with a song most kids her age could relate to. So she picked a tune about love. Her song is called IM ME, a reference to instant messaging, the online technology that allows computer users to carry on typewritten, private conversations in real time. Cleary, who lives in Nashville, Tenn. , says she and her buddies talk online about everything. David Silver, director of the Resource Centre for Cyber culture Studies at the University of Washington, likens abbreviated instant messaging talk to slang derived from hip-hop music. In some ways, its very clever, Silver says. Like other forms of slang, it allows youth to talk amongst themselves without adults really understanding what theyre saying. Consider, for example, the online term POS: parent over shoulder. Silver jokingly calls Clearys song the fall of Western civilization. But he adds, Actually, Im kind of wondering why it took so long. It really does reflect the rapid mainstreaming of cyber culture into American culture and especially youth culture. From the mundane to the emotionally charged, there are no limits to the ways todays kids connect and bond over instant messages (IMs) those pop-up text windows used for carrying on real-time conversations online. Its not just empty rattle on. Theyre using (IMs) to have difficult conversations- someones talking behind your back and you want to confront them, says Amanda Lenhart of the Pew Internet American Life project. Its survey, finds that nearly three-fourths of online kids ages 12 to 17 rely on IMs to keep in touch with friends. For example-Caroline Barker, 16, is among 35% of teens that use IMs daily; she chats with about 10 close friends and 50 acquaintances in the Bethesda, Md. , area. Its especially good for making plans, or if youre just bored, she says. Teens offer insight to the complex social rules that come with a form of communication that still has many adults bewildered. We see teens up at all hours of the night IM-ing. Thirty years ago, teens were on the phone all night, says Joseph Walther, editor of the Journal of Online Behavior. This could be another step in our own communication evolution. Pews survey of 754 teens finds that face-to-face interaction and phone contact have been partially replaced by IMs. Teens use them to nurture friendships, begin and end romantic relationships and mediate difficult conversations with the emotional distance the Net provides. Pew says 17% of the teens have used IMs to ask someone out, 13% to break up. Sometimes IM misunderstandings (text messages lack body language and voice tone) can spark hurt feelings and feuds, but different fonts and keyboard symbols can make smiley or sad faces, known as emotions. For Barker and her friends, even the subtle difference between Hi and Hey that most adults dismiss sets the whole mood for a conversation. â€Å"Hi is formal, and it means you’re busy and you don’t really want to talk. Or maybe you’re mad about something,† explains Hillary Lowenberg, Hey is more open and informal and friendly, and you’re in the mood to IM. † Many people find instant messages intrusive, and 57% of teens surveyed said they have blocked IMs, and 64% have refused to respond to IMs from someone they were mad at. Still, 48% of online teens believe IMs, warts and all, improve friendships. Among frequent users, 60% say it helps friendships. While 61% of teens agree that the Internet is not ideal for making new friends, they use Net tools to broaden their networks of friends. Pew used several teen focus groups and online discussions to delve more deeply into teen Net use. Some teens say they give out their IM user name instead of phone number to new friends or potential dates. Many believe that instant messaging allows them to stay in touch with people they would not otherwise contact for instance, those who are only casual acquaintances, or who live outside their communities, the report says. More than 90% of teens surveyed said they IM with friends who live far away, such as those they met at camp. The study found a growing number of teens sharing passwords a practice Internet service providers warn against. But more than a fifth of Pew respondents (22%) say theyve done it. Its a new symbol of trust and friendship, says Pew project director Lee Rainie. In the pre-Internet days, one way to show how fond you were of someone was to give out a locker combination. Lenhart notes that parents are a little mystified about why kids find this a satisfying conversation. If you didnt grow up with it, youd think in some way it was less than a face-to-face. But 64% of teens say they know more than their parents about using the Net — and 66% of parents agree. According to BBC NewsUS teenagers prefer instant messaging rather than e-mail to stay in touch with each other, research shows. A Pew Internet and American Life Project study found online teens are increasingly tech-savvy. Nearly nine out of 10 teenagers say they use the net, up from 74 percent in 2000, according to the Pew study. While e-mail is seen as a tool for communicating with adults, instant messaging was proving the most popular way to chat with friends. Three-quarters 75% of online teenagers in the US have used IM, the survey found, with personalised features proving popular. Features such as buddy icons are a popular way for teenagers to express and differentiate themselves. Major activity teens do online are-Send or read e-mail: 89%Visit websites about TV, music or sport stars: 84%Play online games: 81%Online news: 76%Send or receive instant messages: 75% half of these say they go online every day, according to the Pew study. The amount of time American teenagers are spending online and the range of things they are doing have both increased. Just over 50% of those online use a broadband connection, 81% play games online, 76% get news online and 43% make purchases. Increasing numbers of teenagers live in a world of nearly ubiquitous computing and communication technologies that they can access at will, said report co-author Amanda Lenhart. Their fondness with being online even extends to when they are physically away from the computer. Instant Messaging away messages, in effect, maintain a presence in this virtual IM space, said co-author Mary Madden. The power users of the online teen world are girls aged 15-17, the survey found. Some 97% of this age range has used instant messaging, and 57% have sent a text message. They are also more likely to have bought something online and used the web to search for information on health, religion and entertainment topics. A representative sample of 1,100 teens between 12 and 17 and their parents in the US were interviewed by phone. Teens and youth are excessively using IMs, It is imperative to develop certain rules and preventive measures to protect them from technology hazards. A Resource Guide for Parents covers a broad range of Internet privacy and safety topics. There are no easy answers to ensure your child has harm-free experiences on the Internet. Likewise, there are no truly effective technology-based solutions. In the final analysis, there is no substitute for parental involvement in childrens exploration of cyberspace. Following are certain measures to be taken care of- -Privacy policy. Read the privacy policy statements on the web sites visited by your children. Teach older children to do the same. -Encourage your children, especially teens, to take responsibility for their online behavior by establishing a contract with them. The Federal Trade Commissions Site seeing on the Internet provides sample language, -Family rules. You can establish family rules for online computer use. Among those suggested by the National Centre for Missing and Exploited- -Tell your children never to give out identifying information such as family information, home address, school name, or phone number in chat room discussions and when visiting web sites, Explain to children that passwords must never be given to anyone else, even someone claiming to be from the online service, Warn your children not to respond to messages that are threatening, suggestive, demeaning, or otherwise make you or the child uncomfortable. Tell them to report such messages to you. The psychological qualities of cyberspace are determined by the hardware and software that constitute computers and the online world. An Op has the power to throw you off an IRC channel; lag can destroy conversation in a chat group; the reply-to in listserv group might send your e-mail to the whole list or just to the sender of the message. All of these factors affect the psychological feel of the environment. With the rapid advancement of wireless network technologies, wireless communications and mobile-based information services are changing people’s life style. How to provide mobile users with cost-effective wireless information services is becoming a hot topic for wireless vendors References: 1) Jon Ippolito (December 1998–January 1999). Cross Talk: Is Cyberspace Really a Space? . Artbyte: 12–24. 2) USA today, 06/12/2001, 2001 The Associated Press 3) Karen Thomas, USA TODAY, 2006 4) Christine Morente, Teen find support in cyberspace, San Malco County Times, January 4, 2005. 5) Malcolm R Parks; making friends incyberspace, Vol-46; 1996 6) BBC News, 28th July;2005 7) Gao, J. ; Modak, M. ; Dornadula, S. ; Shim, S. ; e-Commerce Technology, 2004. CEC 2004. Proceedings. IEEE International Conference on 6-9 July 2004 Page(s):337 341

World Economy Essay Example for Free

World Economy Essay Having goods transported to Western Europe from Asia was difficult and the Europeans did not have the technology to acquire theses goods themselves therefore the Middle East becomes the middle men which started to become pricey. During the 15th century, a series of technological improvement triggers the Europeans to set out and acquire these good themselves. The Europeans had gain a spark of interest of the Asia after the Crusades. The European’s never had direct trade with south and East Asia but was familiar to Asian good mostly the upper class. Also the people of the west wanted to go out and discover, moving away from the fear of fall of earth’s edge also helped begin these explorations. The western powers wanted more land and they knew more land meant more goods that they can use and as well as export.The only power that the western Europeans faced was the lack of advanced technology to help then succed these goals. The first expeditions were limited because of the lack of proper technology, like small oar-propelled ships that were usually used in Mediterranean trade therefore was not useful when it came top traveling far into the ocean. This factor led to the invasion of a better way to traveling the Atlantic. Deep-draft, round-hulled sailing ships made further exploration possible. The Europeans also began to use the compass that was originally made during the Han China, but the Europeans were starting to improve it as well. Mapmaking and other navigational developments were made as it is mentioned that navigation schools were present and they encouraged exploration. Explosives were another Chinese invention that aided the Europeans with their conquest of land, explosives were adapted into gunnery. Advances in European metalwork which helped to create the first guns and commons. Greed, curiosity and rivalry is triggered the desire the go beyond Europe and discover what the rest of the world had to give. In conclusion, It can be said that technology plays a significant role in making these ideas became reality, technological improvements and new inventions aided an age of Exploration or European global dominance.

Decision of Ex Parte Datafin plc Analysis

Decision of Ex Parte Datafin plc Analysis A critical analysis of the manner in which the decision in R v Panel on Takeovers and Mergers; Ex parte Datafin plc [1987] 1 QB 815 is being dealt with under Australian law. Introduction The case of Datafin is an accepted element of public law in England; however Australian law is unclear to its applicability as courts reference the principle cautiously in the absence of a case pertaining substantive facts. The Datafin principle provides that a decision-making body may be subject to judicial review whether it is exercises its power from statute or private contract. That is to say, both the source and the nature of the power being exercised are to be considered when determining if a body is amenable to judicial review. In Australia, the Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1977 (‘ADJR Act’) provides a statutory right to judicial review however a common law right (which may exist under the Datafin principle) is yet to be decided. Without a final decision from the High Court as to its applicability, the Datafin principle will continue to be dealt with tentatively on a case by case basis. However recent cases from lower and appellate courts indicate that the principle will most likely apply here as it does in England when a case with the relevant facts arises. Current Position in Australian Law There is no clear authority for the adoption of Datafin in Australia despite many decisions with reference to the principle. The closest the courts have come to taking an authoritative position regarding Datafin is the High Courts ruling in NEAT Domestic Training Pty Ltd v AWB Ltd.[1] This case marked a ‘paradigm shift’ in the delivery of administrative governmental services from being almost purely derived from statute to a mixture of private and public bodies.[2] In this case the High Court took an interpretation of Datafin to focus solely on the source of the power with no consideration to the power’s possible administrative/public nature. However, the conclusion in NEAT was very much limited to unique facts of the case and did not intend to be taken as a response to the broader issue of whether Datafin applies in Australia (i.e. whether public law remedies such as judicial review can be granted against private bodies). In this case, the improper exercise of discretionary power was argued by a wheat trader against the Australian Wheat Board (AWB). However since the AWB was a private body brought into effect by the Corporations Law (Vic), it was found that its power was not derived from the statute which NEAT was arguing under (the Wheat Marketing Act 1989). The AWB’s decision-making power was therefore not subject to the ADJR Act which sets out a requirement that decisions must be made â€Å"under an enactment† in order to be amenable to judicial review. Justice Kirby argued an in-depth and seemingly valid dissent in favour of adopting the Datafin principle to apply to the four:one majority decision. He raised the concern that if the wheat board was not amenable to judicial review it would essentially hold almost complete and unreviewable power over Australia’s wheat export industry. Therefore, the interests of the nation (or an issue of public significance) are irrefutably affected by a private body; a point acknowledged but not expressly addressed by Gleeson CJ. A conclusion can be drawn from NEAT that only the source and not the nature of the power is relevant when determining applicability of judicial review in Australia. This conclusion is alarming when considering the Commonwealth could effectively insulate itself from all legal and political accountability if each public decision-making body was privatised in a similar fashion to AWB Ltd.[3] An example of this conclusion can be seen in Griffith University v Tang,[4] where a student excluded from enrolment in university failed in her request for judicial review due to the university not making their decision under an enactment. Despite the university being deemed a ‘public’ decision-maker,[5] the judgements consider the nature of the university’s relationship to Tang to be voluntary (i.e. ‘private’). Therefore the source of power element could not be satisfied removing the need for the court to consider the substantive nature of the power.[6] In reaching this decision, their Honours accepted the reverse possibility that a private decision-maker could be considered ‘public’ and therefore amenable to judicial review.[7] The main implication of the decision in NEAT is that courts have essentially been advised not to make a decision about the applicability of Datafin until it is absolutely necessary.[8] Evidence of this deferral to make a decision about the principle has the courts intentionally not mentioning it in judgements even when parties make extensive submissions on Datafin to base their arguments. For example, the unanimous decision in the Offshore Processing Case[9] did not mention Datafin even once despite multiple submissions by both parties. Gradual Acceptance of the Datafin Principle by Australian Courts In Masu Financial Management Pty Ltd v Financial Industry Complaints Service Ltd,[10] a corporation which dealt with financial industry complaints was deemed susceptible to judicial review. Justice Shaw described the corporation as a ‘public’ body, pointing to government involvement in its foundation and processes. Here it was held that the preponderance of authority in Australia indicates that Datafin is applicable, at least to companies administering external complaints in the finance industry.[11] In contrast, the case of Chase Oyster Bar v Hamo Industries[12]allowed Basten JA to explore the applicability of Datafin where he concluded that the decision Masu and did not amount to authority of acceptance of the principle.[13] Prior to this 2010 decision, Datafin had been referred to in Australian law with ‘apparent approval’.[14] Regardless, the Masu decision provided a foundation for Kyrou J’s later decision in CECA Institute Pty Ltd v Australian Council for Private Education and Training.[15] In this case it was held that the Datafin principle may render a private body to be subject to judicial review if that body is performing a ‘public duty’ or exercising a power with a ‘public element’. Defining a ‘public element’ of a decision, once described as â€Å"question-begging†[16] can be reasonably objectively determined from extensive English case law.[17] In the circumstances of this case, a link to a ‘public element’ could not be established and the matter was instead settled by private law.[18] A similar but more recent judgement in Mickovski v FOS[19] also suggested that the Datafin principle applies to Australian law provided the necessary public element can be satisfied.[20] In this case, an argument was raised that a public element existed by way of requiring a mechanism for private dispute resolution. However Pagone J held that the Datafin test failed as the corporation did not exercise government functions and its power over its members was derived from contract (therefore only allowing private law remedies). In doing so, the judgement cited and affirmed Kyrou J’s reasoning from Masu.[21] Shortly after this decision, the Australian Law Journal published an article by Kyrou J examining Datafin’s applicability to Australian law.[22] Justice Kyrou cited the Mickovski decision as an authority for the rule’s acceptance. However since the paper was published, Mickovski was appealed.[23] In the appeal, although dismissed, Pagone J was overruled in that the Datafin principle did not apply to the facts considering there was no public law justification for the request of judicial review. The Court explained in its dismissal of the appeal that with increasing privatisation of various government functions comes the need for the availability of judicial review in relation to administrative and public functions.[24] At [31], it was said that the Datafin principle provides a ‘logical’, approach to satisfy that requirement.[25] Buchanan, Nettle JJA and Beach AJA went on to conclude that it is doubtful that even a wide interpretation of Datafin would be appl icable to contract-based decisions.[26] Therefore, Kyrou’s argument and call for approval is not discredited and it appears likely that the Datafin test will be appropriate when the relevant facts and circumstances arise in future. It is significant to the current position that Datafin has never been rejected in Australian courts. However cases exist which are unfavourable to its ‘apparent approval’ prior to Chase. In particular, in Khuu Lee Pty Ltd v Corporation of the City of Adelaide,[27] it was specifically stated by Vanstone J in the Supreme Court of South Australia that Datafin â€Å"has not yet been adopted in Australia†.[28] At [30], her honour said â€Å"within intermediate appellate courts there are, at best, conflicting views as to whether [Datafin] represents the common law of Australia†. Should Datafin Apply in Australian Law? Writing extra-judicially, now-retired QC, Raymond Finkelstein stated that the courts’ function in relation to administrative law and judicial review should be to â€Å"ensure that all bodies – private or otherwise – that perform public functions do so in accordance with the law.†[29] Senior University of NSW Professor, Mark Aronson hints at the applicability of Datafin in Australian law and argues that â€Å"public power is increasingly exercised from places within the private sector, by non-government bodies, and according to rules found in management manuals rather than statute books. If judicial review is about the restraint of public power, it will need to confront these shifts in who exercises public power, and in the rules by which they exercise it.†[30] A similar sentiment was held by Kyrou J in his decision in Masu that Datafin â€Å"represents a natural development in the evolution of the principles of judicial review†¦ [It] is essential in enabling superior courts to continue to perform their vital role of protecting citizens from abuses in the exercise of powers which are governmental in nature†.[31] Since the Datafin principle has been adopted in Canada and New Zealand, there is also an argument supported by Kyrou J that on a constitutional level, Australia ‘should be consistent with the law of other important common law jurisdictions’.[32] The arguments put forward are not without criticism however. The evolution of private bodies administering administrative/public functions is considered by some to be a new area of law which requires fresh regulation rather than ‘shoehorning’ the issues to fit into Datafin.[33] This arguably explains why the principle is so reservedly discussed in judgements where the elements of Datafin frequently cannot be made out. The granting of judicial review against a private body’s excision of power which was neither statutory nor executive has occurred only once in Australia (in the case of Masu). Most cases which reference Datafin do so in obiter dicta simply to raise overlaps with other areas of law which have more established remedies and boundaries than attempting to expand administrative law principles. That is not to say more than one area of law cannot co-exist with certainty. Conclusion Despite significant and extensive ‘apparent approval’ of the Datafin principle, it is impossible to determine the validity of the rule in the absence of a High Court decision. However, the number of cases citing Datafin with favourable obiter appears to outweigh the number of cases which reference it with reservation. Whilst the obiter of NEAT recognises Datafin’s applicability in Australian law going forward, the actual decision of the case lends authority against its adoption. Regardless, in the unlikely event that the Datafin principle is rejected, private decision-making bodies performing public and administrative functions will not be immune to judicial review. The increasing trend of government divestment of administrative functions to private bodies will simply be dealt with judicial independence, allowing natural justice to form a either more refined interpretation of the Datafin principle. Bibliography Cases CECA Institute Pty Ltd v Australian Council for Private Education and Training (2010) 30 VR 555. Chase Oyster Bar Pty Ltd v Hamo Industries Pty Ltd (2010) 78 NSWLR 393 Griffith University v Tang (2005) 221 CLR 99 Griffith University v Tang (2005) 213 ALR 724 Khuu Lee Pty Ltd v Adelaide City Corporation (2011) 110 SASR 235. Masu Financial Management Pty Ltd v Financial Industry Complaints Service Ltd (No 2) (2004) 50 ACSR 554 Mickovski v Financial Ombudsman Service Ltd [2011] VSC 257 Mickovski v Financial Ombudsman Services Limited Anor [2012] VSCA 185 Mickovski v Financial Ombudsman Service Ltd (2012) 91 ASCR 106 NEAT Domestic Trading Pty Ltd v AWB Ltd (2003) 216 CLR 277 Plaintiff M61/2010E v Commonwealth (2010) 243 CLR 319 R (Beer) v Hampshire Farmers’ Markets Ltd [2004] 1 WLR 233 R v Panel on Takeovers and Mergers; Ex parte Datafin plc [1987] 1 QB 815 Textbooks Matthew Groves (ed), Modern Administrative Law In Australia: Concepts And Context (Cambridge University Press, Australia, 2014) Journals Neil Arora, ‘Not so neat: non-statutory corporations and the reach of the Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1977’ (2004) 32(1) Federal Law Review 141 Emillos Kyrou, ‘Judicial review of decisions of non-governmental bodies exercising governmental powers : is Datafin part of Australian law?’ (2012) 86(1) Australian Law Journal 20 Katherine Cook, ‘Recent Developments in Administrative Law’ (2012) 71 AIAL (Australia Institute of Administrative Law) Forum 1 Graeme Hill, ‘Griffith University v Tang – Comparison with Neat Domestic, and the Relevance of Constitutional Factors’ (2005) 47 AIAL (Australia Institute of Administrative Law) Forum 6 Matthew Groves, ‘Should we follow the Gospel of the Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1977 (Cth)?’ (2010) 34 Melbourne University Law Review 737 Mark Aronson, ‘Private Bodies, Public Power and Soft Law in the High Court’ (2007) 35 Federal Law Review 1 Raymond Finkelstein, â€Å"Crossing the Intersection: How Courts are Navigating the ‘Public’ and ‘Private’ in Judicial Review† (2006) 48 AIAL (Australia Institute of Administrative Law) Forum 1 Other CCH, Australian Company Law Commentary, ‘Internal and external dispute resolution procedures – ASIC’s policy: s 912A(1)(g), (2)’ (at 26 August 2013) [273-300]. 1 Sean Roche, N8844330 [1] NEAT Domestic Trading Pty Ltd v AWB Ltd (2003) 216 CLR 277. [2] Neil Arora, ‘Not so neat: non-statutory corporations and the reach of the Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1977’ (2004) 32(1) Federal Law Review 141, 161. [3] Neil Arora, ‘Not so neat: non-statutory corporations and the reach of the Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1977’ (2004) 32(1) Federal Law Review 141, 160. [4] (2005) 221 CLR 99. [5] Griffith University v Tang (2005) 213 ALR 724 at 750-751 [108]-[110]. [6] Griffith University v Tang (2005) 213 ALR 724 at 766 [159]-[160]. [7] Graeme Hill, ‘Griffith University v Tang – Comparison with Neat Domestic, and the Relevance of Constitutional Factors’ (2005) 47 AIAL (Australia Institute of Administrative Law) Forum 6, 8. [8] (2012) 91 ASCR 106, [32]. [9] Plaintiff M61/2010E v Commonwealth (2010) 243 CLR 319. [10] Masu Financial Management Pty Ltd v Financial Industry Complaints Service Ltd (No 2) (2004) 50 ACSR 554. [11] CCH, Australian Company Law Commentary, ‘Internal and external dispute resolution procedures – ASIC’s policy: s 912A(1)(g), (2)’ (at 26 August 2013) [273-300]. [12] Chase Oyster Bar Pty Ltd v Hamo Industries Pty Ltd (2010) 78 NSWLR 393. [13] Chris Finn, ‘The public/private distinction and the reach of administrative law’ in Matthew Groves (ed), Modern Administrative Law In Australia: Concepts And Context (Cambridge University Press, Australia, 2014) 3, 56. [14] Emillos Kyrou, ‘Judicial review of decisions of non-governmental bodies exercising governmental powers: is Datafin part of Australian law?’ (2012) 86(1) Australian Law Journal 20, 22. [15] CECA Institute Pty Ltd v Australian Council for Private Education and Training (2010) 30 VR 555. [16] R (Beer) v Hampshire Farmers’ Markets Ltd [2004] 1 WLR 233, [16]. [17] Emillos Kyrou, ‘Judicial review of decisions of non-governmental bodies exercising governmental powers: is Datafin part of Australian law?’ (2012) 86(1) Australian Law Journal 20, 31. [18] Ibid, 570, 576. [19] Mickovski v Financial Ombudsman Service Ltd [2011] VSC 257. [20] Ibid, [12]. [21] Mickovski v Financial Ombudsman Service Ltd [2011] VSC 257, [9]. [22] Emillos Kyrou, ‘Judicial review of decisions of non-governmental bodies exercising governmental powers: is Datafin part of Australian law?’ (2012) 86(1) Australian Law Journal 20-33. [23] Mickovski v Financial Ombudsman Service Limited Anor [2012] VSCA 185. [24] Katherine Cook, ‘Recent Developments in Administrative Law’ (2012) 71 AIAL Forum 1. [25] [2012] VSCA 185, [31]. [26] Katherine Cook, ‘Recent Developments in Administrative Law’ (2012) 71 AIAL Forum 1. [27] (2011) 110 SASR 235. [28] Ibid, [26]. [29] Raymond Finkelstein, â€Å"Crossing the Intersection: How Courts are Navigating the ‘Public’ and ‘Private’ in Judicial Review† (2006) 48 AIAL Forum 1-7. [30] Mark Aronson, ‘Private Bodies, Public Power and Soft Law in the High Court’ (2007) 35 Federal Law Review 1. 4. [31] Ibid, 99. [32] Emillos Kyrou, ‘Judicial review of decisions of non-governmental bodies exercising governmental powers: is Datafin part of Australian law?’ (2012) 86(1) Australian Law Journal 20, 30. [33] Matthew Groves, ‘Should we follow the Gospel of the Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1977 (Cth)?’ (2010) 34 Melbourne University Law Review 737, 749.

Black Status: Post Civil War America :: American America History

Black Status: Post Civil War America After the emancipation of slaves in 1862, the status of African-Americans in post civil war America up until the beginning of the twentieth century did not go through a great deal of change. Much legislation was passed to help blacks in this period. The Civil Rights act of 1875 prohibited segregation in public facilities and various government amendments gave African-Americans even more guaranteed rights. Even with this government legislation, the newly dubbed 'freedmen' were still discriminated against by most people and, ironically, they were soon to be restricted and segregated once again under government rulings in important court cases of the era. Reconstruction was intended to give African-Americans the chance for a new and better life. Many of them stayed with their old masters after being freed, while others left in search of opportunity through education as well as land ownership. However this was not exactly an easy task. There were many things standing in their way, chiefly white supremacists and the laws and restrictions they placed upon African-Americans. Beginning with the 'black codes' established by President Johnson's reconstruction plan, blacks were required to have a curfew as well as carry identification. Labor contracts established under Johnson's Reconstruction even bound the 'freedmen' to their respective plantations. A few years later, another set of laws known as the 'Jim Crow' laws directly undermined the status of blacks by placing unfair restrictions on everything from voting rights all the way to the segregation of water fountains. Besides these restrictions, the blacks had to deal with the Democratic P arty whose northern wing even denounced racial equality. As a result of democratic hostility and the Republican Party's support of Black suffrage, freedmen greatly supported the Republican Party. As a result of the failure of Johnson's Reconstruction, Congress proposed its own plan. The 14th amendment was one of the many things implemented under this plan. Among other things, this amendment forbade ex-Confederate leaders from holding political office, and gave freedmen their citizenship. The Southern rejection of this amendment, largely as a result of the actions of their former Confederate leaders then in state office, paved the way for the Reconstruction Act of 1867. This dismantled all Southern governments and established military control over the South. It guaranteed freedmen the right to vote under new state constitutions, and required the Southern states to ratify the 14th amendment. With the inclusion of African-American votes in southern elections, and with the help of Northerners known as "Carpet Baggers" and other white Southerners known as "Scalawags," the Republican Party gained almost complete control over the American South.

Comparing Much Ado About Nothing :: essays research papers

In the first essay, written by Jean Howard, the main idea or thesis seems to focus on the antitheatrical aspects of the play. The actual thesis would be Shakespeare employs antitheatrical discourse in a way that advantages certain social groups without calling attention to the fact that it does that. Howard takes a Marxist approach to the play. She looks at how the conflict intertwines itself and makes a constant reference to the social aspects of each of the characters in the play. Howard starts by giving general ideas where she gives a brief summary of the main plot of the story that involves Don John, Don Pedro, and Claudio. She reads the play in relationship to antitheatrical tracts. This makes the political dimensions more apparent in the work. The play itself speaks to several different senses of social class. Although Much Ado about Nothing is a play, it mirrors the world as it was. It deals with the power being put in the hands of the "status quo" and it makes menti on of the social order, especially the fear of women who want the same power as men. Howard also mentions that the play seems to emphasize the consequences of sin, in this case, telling lies. She goes into the scene where Don John gets Margaret, Hero's servant, to play Hero as so to deceive Claudio. This would make Hero appear to be "easy" and make Claudio not want to marry her. Before all of this goes on, Don Pedro impersonates Claudio at the ball, to get in Hero's good graces. This is another lie. Even though Don Pedro's "trick" does more good than harm, the audience and readers are now given the job to cope with the morality of each situation. Most of Howard's reading of the play deals with the two impersonators (Don John and Don Pedro) and their sense of moral duty during this time. It also speaks to the social consequences of their practices. Howard suggests that Don John provides a moral reading because he is the chief antagonist in the play. She seems to say that in essence, he is evil and readers can identify and justify his actions becaus e he is evil. Does that make it right? She also says that since he is the bastard brother of Don Pedro, his evil acts are ideologically significant because they identify the social disorder of those who have and those who have not.

Understanding Fascism

Fascism refers to the political ideology that considers an individual’s, a group’s or a societies’ interest to be subordinate to that of the interests of the state. The objective of such an ideology is to unify the state and its constituents to forego their interests that are often self-serving.At the same time, Payne (27-32) considers it as a counter-movement to liberalism and rose to prominence in Europe in the 1920’s to the 1930’s.   The movement grew with the decline of European states economically and politically and a general loss of faith in the ability of governments to control and stabilize markets because of commercial interests (73-79).It is considered to be the inspiration behind Adolf Hitler’s Nazism and has helped shaped post-war philosophies and doctrines such as Islamofascism, Neo-fascism, Rexism and Social fascism among others and provided a foundation of socio-political reform worldwide particularly in communist and social ist states (120-127).It is critical to understand the significance and impact of fascism not only in countries, movements and governments that adopted its ideologies but also its value to international politics, economics and history (359).Mussolini and FascismAndrea Benito Amilcare Mussolini was named for socialists and reformists Andrea Costa, Benito Juà ¡rez and Amilcare Cipriani. His father, Alessandro was a known social activist and was associated filially and by association to many known social activists of the time.Mussolini’s rise in the Italian Socialist Party can be traced with his editorship of L'Avvenire del Lavoratore in 1909, the subsequent publication of his book titled Il Popolo, reformation and control of the Fasci Italiani di Combattimento and was cemented when he became Italy’s youngest prime minister in history in 1922 (220-229).Fascism was coined by Benito Mussolini on the Italian word â€Å"fascio† which in turn is based on the Latin word â€Å"fasces† which refers to rods packed around an axe. It represented the maxim of standing together versus standing individually.One particular source of doctrine that guided Italian Fascism and consequently fascism in general was based on the 1891 encyclical written by Pope Leo XIII titled Rerum Novarum which also is considered a major basis of modern Catholic teachings. The use of the text, particularly its emphasis on the value of corporatism and labor, and the Romanization of the Roman Empire was used to validate fascism to the public (218-222).Mussolini’s rise to the premiership was an effort on the part of King Victor Emmanuel III to avoid a civil war the abolition of the monarchy similar to France (112). Payne points out that fascism rose from the lack of effectivity of the Italian government to direct the country during the economic and political crisis with the overall decline of Europe as a world power in the turn of the twentieth century (218).The sentime nt was that there was a need for decisive action to solve the country’s problems and bring back its position as a leader in Europe. The motivation was to protect not only Italy’s future but also to preserve its history and culture which was considered under threat because of the social developments in the region.Italian FascismThe development of the Fascism in Italy is credited by Payne to the economic and social conditions after World War I, the Great Depression and the collapse of governments in the European continent for creating the platform and the support for the movement (72-77).At the beginning of his government, there was significant representation in the parliament however Mussolini granted greater representation to his political allies with the objective of developing a totalitarian state with himself as the head. Using fascist ideologies and propaganda, the Fasci di Combattimento was integrated to become part of the Italian army Italy was unified to become a single state under the Acerbo Law as well as the allowed for the liberalization of market, rent and labor unions.Though there were existing opposition to Mussolini that were prompting King Victor’s dismissal of the prime minister, Mussolini was able to maintain power through intimidation and the use of fascist propaganda.

Neuromarketing: A Brave New World of Consumerism

Introduction t this point in our social history we are experiencing trends in marketing and consumerism that no cultural phenomena in antiquity has prepared us for. Each day between the hours of waking and sleeping we are exposed to 3000 – 5000 marketing messages across every shape and flavor of media mankind has been able to devise In good conscience (Story 2007). Every niche, of every segment, of every market, for every product, has a multitude of competitors vying for space of mind, seeking to differentiate, remind, inform, or persuade themselves into our lives and shopping trellises (Copley 2004).This clutter, consternation, and competition has taken the humble consumer transaction to be something more akin to game theory, and contemporary marketing strategy has become a battle of minds and wills (Lee, Frederick, and Chamberlain 2007). Each new generation of consumer finds themselves delivered deeper Into an environment of Increasing media and message saturation.But, with every generational cycle a further sophistication In the adaptive discretionary filtering system is created in order for these individuals to preserve some degree of highly guarded ‘psychic space', and as such ‘marketing professionals re keenly aware of the obstacles posed by both information-processing limitations and viewer opposition' (Rumba 2002). ‘The multiplicity of advertising messages to which each consumer is exposed dictates that advertisers place a lofty premium on the much-coveted psychic space of their Intended message recipients.Moreover, marketers Increasingly find themselves trying to reach target audiences who have an arsenal of cognitive, behavioral, and mechanical strategies for ad avoidance at their disposal' (Speck and Elliott 1997). Further adding to this already encumbered media/ immunization sphere is also the weight and complexity of the postmodern condition in which Goldman (1992) speaks of ‘relentless scrambling of signified and sig nifier, mixing and matching meanings' and Brown (1995) goes on to highlight ‘practices such as fragmentation, De-deliberation, hypnotherapy, chronology, pastiche, pluralism and anta-functionalism'.This escalating complexity of exchange devised for increasingly more sophisticated and media salt-Ð’Â »,' consumers attempts to side-step any ‘predictability of antiquated advertising conventions that could no longer pass through the filters of seasoned postmodern nonusers' (Goldman and Passion 1994).What remains is the perfect storm of social complexity, ever-changing message filtering, and big-business ‘sign wars' which has left some marketers believing that turning to the dark arts Is the only way to get ahead in marketing communications, with notably one energy drink brand literally and comically commissioning a Haitian priestess to channel a foul-mouthed voodoo deem-god to help design their advertising campaign (Panamas 2010). Enter stage left – marketing' s. Thin such a relatively young field of inquiry the precise definition of marketing's s still finding its footing with conflicting definitions still being proposed and utilized by divergent agents within the realm (Fisher 2010). Perpetuating this conflict is the notion that academia and industry share limited cohesion in exploring this field, that private enterprises do not tend to publish findings or share proprietary information, and that more has been published about marketing's across the popular media, relative to the traditional tome of recognized peer-reviewed publications (Fisher 2010).In spite of this, Lee (2007) proposes that ‘marketing's as a field of study an simply be defined as the application of neuroscience methods to analyses and understand human behavior in relation to markets and marketing exchanges' and Fisher (2010) notes that marketing's ‘can be tentatively defined as marketing designed on the basis of neuroscience research'. These proposed definit ions avoid the subjective bias embraced by some proponents and detractors and are a suitable explanation of the topic for the purposes of this discussion.As brain sciences increasingly inform our daily lives, social practices, and intellectual discourses, ornamenting has become one of a collection of developing fields to gain the ‘neuron' prefix along with neuroscience, neurasthenics, neuropathology, and neurotically – these fields now collectively earning the moniker ‘neuromuscular', ‘and the brain-based explanations arising from it are progressively influencing public notions of personal identity, responsibility, and causation' (Fisher 2010).Why Marketing's? He most acute advantage thought to stem from the utilization of neuroscience in examining an individual's response to market based inquiries is its unfiltered objectivity and unbiased honesty. Typically the self-assessment measures commonly used in marketing research rely totally on the ability and wil lingness of the respondent to accurately report their attitudes and/or prior behaviors' (Petty and Caption 1983).However, it is believed that the brain approximately expends only 2 percent of its energy on conscious activity with the remaining majority devoted to unconscious thought and processes, thus, neurotransmitters believe, traditional market research methods ? like consumer surveys and focus groups ? are inherently inaccurate because the participants can never articulate the unconscious impressions that whet their appetites for certain products' (Singer 2010).In addition to this intrinsic inability for an individual to access all relevant perceptual data, this error factor cumulatively adds to any conscious or even unrecognized desire the respondent may have to please or deceive the information gathering unit, even further exaggerating the potential for inaccurate measurements. In contrast, physiological responses can be collected when respondents are actively partaking in re search activities and are difficult for subjects to control, although not difficult to affect (Petty and Caption 1983).In many ways marketing's is the lie detector of the marketing industry, but the potential application is much greater than simply extracting truthful responses, it may prove instrumental in uncovering the processes and transparent way than marketers have previously had access to. The benefits of marketing's are obvious when framed in the above context. This field creates the possibility for marketers to understand consumers to an extent that a myriad of techniques over many decades of investigation have only ever been able to scratch at the door of.Felt (2007) believes that, assuming the science can be translated into meaningful technology the power and the precision of the retrieved data as a management tool could prove sublime, it would finally enable marketers to reach out and pinprick consumers without using broad strokes'. â€Å"In fact, exploring exactly what elements of an advertisement are critical to awareness, attitudes and evaluations of products, and whether these differ for different groups, should reduce firms' reliance on the ‘blunt instruments' of blanket coverage, shock tactics, or sexual imagery' (Lee 2007).The Marketing's Mix he research generated by any given marketing's firm is of course a product article and as such marketing mix considerations are a requirement of presenting to the market, however, the more significant discussion is the current and conceivable application of this technology to play a major role in guiding and optimizing each of the up's of the marketing mix for utilities. Them Noble, Managing Director of ‘Neurotics' a major player in the burgeoning marketing's industry, has stated that ‘all the biggest brands are using it†¦ But most of them are keeping it to themselves†¦ Even so, marketing's has become a key part of today's marketing ix' (Fagan 2011). The technology is believ ed to be equally applicable to each of the seven aspects of the mix provided a suitable interpretation model is utilized to rationalist the raw data. The up's the literature most commonly discourses are reviewed below. Product Typically product designers refer to consciously generated studies of consumer preferences to inform the process, in such inquiries subjects are likely to be influenced by ‘normative expectations and social influences' (Figurate 2007).For example, survey research typically reports that women find wrestler-turned-action ere ‘The Rock unattractive ‘but their brain activity says otherwise: areas associated with attractiveness light up when women watch him on screen' (Singer, 2004). Bruit (2004) mentions that some tests conducted for Demolisher's showed that certain products can activate the self-reward centre of the brain which is the same region that natural stimulants such as sex, chocolate, and cocaine trigger, this action is aroused by the r elease of the molecule dopamine and releases endogenous opiates – substances linked to lust and pleasure'.Whilst this trigger is not a guarantee of arches, all other things being equal – designs that create pleasure are far more likely to be purchased than those that do not (Figurate 2007). Price Lee (2007) states that ‘pricing seems to lend itself almost perfectly to normalizing research' and believes that age old questions like why â€Å"prices such as ‘$4. 99' are perceived as significantly cheaper than those such as ‘$5. 00† could be answered by simultaneously exploring the temporal and spatial nature of brain activity.Through utilizing this technology marketers can not only underpin optimal pricing strategies but also understand how and why pricing perceptions are formed. Place customers to seeing, hearing, feeling, touching, tasting, and smelling stimuli, stores may be able to customize environments to enhance the consumer experience, or weight the chances of a sale. ‘For example, if normalizing data suggest a positive response to the touching of Jewelry, the consumer may experience a personalized discount prominently displayed in their sightline in order to provide encouragement for purchase' (Wilson 2008).Promotion Measurement of advertising messages and their success in provoking emotional responses can be gauged, and assumptions can be made about the subject's unconscious thought patterns depending on which areas of the brain ‘light' up (Figurate 2007). The reaction an agency wishes to evoke with a given advertisement e. G. Excitement, passion, hostility, humor, attention, etc. ; can be transposed to the brain map where these concepts are processed. If that brain area is unaffected after exposure to the advertising stimulus, it is obvious that the advertisement has failed this crucial test' (Figurate 2007) Schafer (2005) also states that ‘neural scanning might be able to predict the strength of advertising recall for specific advertisements'. The History he earliest reported use of the term marketing's first appeared in a press release in July 2002 by Atlanta based advertising agency ‘Birthrights' announcing the creation of a new business division which utilized functional magnetic resonance imaging (fem.) for purposes of marketing research (Wilson 2008; Fisher 2010).However, the Economist (Inside the Mind of the Consumer 2004) duly notes that Harvard Professor-Emeritus Gerald Coalman filed a patent for ‘normalizing as a marketing tool' in the late sass's approximately four years prior to Brightness's suspicious press release. In spite of this, some observers consider this technology to be part of a continuum that has been ongoing for much longer. â€Å"Marketing's is simply the latest incarnation, says Joseph Throw, a professor of communication at the Ennobler School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania. There has always been a holy grail in a dvertising to try to reach people in a hypodermic way,' he says† (Singer 2010). Educated observers also make note that Journalist and social critic Vance Packard (1957) wrote ‘The Hidden Persuaders' more than 50 years ago which is still considered to be a seminal work, which outlines how advertisers play(deed) on people's unconscious desires in an attempt to influence them. Run for our Lives? Neatly probing consumers for answers to every fear, desire, motivation, and preference in underpants color has begun to beg the question in some quarters, should we love this or fear it? It appears from the outset that this technology has been spawning controversy; however, some of this contention seems not to be entirely new in nature but the amplification and reinvigoration of well disputed ground, freshly driven by this new and acute mechanism.The contention largely remains in determining whether using such technology to understand the desires of consumers will be useful for serv ing them, or used for manipulating them, in short, is actions of a great many organizations and individuals, the main objective of marketing is to help match products with people (Rarely 2010; Kettle, Keller, and Burton 2009). ‘Marketing serves the dual goals of guiding the design and presentation of products such that they are more compatible with consumer preferences and facilitating the choice process for the consumer' (Rarely 2010).Marketing as ethical or unethical in practice is a purely a determination to be made on a case by case basis, not generalized in overarching sweeps. Rallies (1999) surmises that the organizational factors contributing to principled business undertakings or in fact impeding a unified ethical framework are moral reasoning, organizational ethical climate, level of economic development, and cultural dimensions, Murphy (2005) suggests on an individualistic level that indicative qualities can be determined from virtue and character ethics utilizing me asurements of the five core virtues of – integrity, fairness, trust, respect and empathy.In comprehension, understanding the afore is to recognize that marketing's (like most industries,) exists within a context of moral heterogeneity and the concerns that exist toward the frayed edge of the ethical fabric, underpin a movement of anxiety toward the potentiality of neuron-techniques to probe the subconscious mind, and the conceivability of these vehicles to unduly influence consumers, turning them into shopping robots without their knowledge and consent' (Singer 2010).Singer (2010) states that â€Å"marketing's is setting off alarm bells among some consumer advocates, who call it ‘brainwashing ? an amalgam of branding and brainwashing†. ‘Our contention is that neuroscience findings and methods hold the potential for marketing practices that threaten consumers' abilities to follow preferences and dictates according to free will' (Greene 2003).The controversy and paranoia surrounding a field that is yet to be evidenced or indicted of unethical practice is so potent that Senior and Senior (2008) have felt compelled to draft ‘A Manifesto for Marketing's Science' to guide the ethical functioning of practitioners, quell some f the fears of alarmists, and address potential dilemmas arising on this new frontier.The Advertising Research Foundation has also seen fit to undertake a collaborative study with the major operators in the marketing's industry to establish and implement the ‘Northeastwards Initiatives' agenda and determine ethical working canons for the field (ARP Announces Groundbreaking Northeastwards Study 2010). In addition to this above, the exploratory academic discipline of neurotics has continued to grow in unison with the developments in neuroscience research and neuromuscular, informing it all the while.Irrespective of the development in ethical governance, detractors warn that we do not have a current legal and so cial structure equipped to address technologies that are intentionally designed for subconscious persuasion. Singer (2010) states that ‘if the advertising is now purposely designed to bypass those rational defenses, then the traditional legal defenses protecting advertising speech in the marketplace have to be questioned'.We are also warned that many legally and morally ambiguous issues will arise with the increase in marketing's usage such as Who ultimately owns brain scans, whether scans can e sold to other persons or institutions, and what happens to extraneous information, such as health problems, revealed by the scans' (Wilson 2008). The array positron emission tomography (PET), magnetoencephalography (MEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fem.), electroencephalography (EGG) galvanic skin response (USSR), eye tracking technology, electrocardiography, and electromyography (Figurate 2007; Lee 2007).It is noted that any corporeal measurements gained through the use of these instruments are strictly limited by the skill the interpreter has in correlating bio-readings to mental/emotional states, and therefore into actionable ATA. There has been some research to show that imagery favored in traditional research preference tests are often not the ones that stimulate the emotional centers of the brain (Uncommon 2007), according to People (quoted in Harris 2006) however, emotion is one of the major keys to all marketing and by monitoring brain activity we can get very good indication of when an emotional connection has been made.Unfortunately, these results can only reveal activation correlated with particular imagery but cannot predict outcomes with certainty, and it does in fact highlight the actuality that there is ‘no direct link between arousal and behavior; no measure of purchase intent' (Figurate 2007). According to James (2004) the only time a human being cannot help acting on arousal is as a toddler'.Some critics throughout the literatu re have argued for the existence of a ‘buy button' in the brain, the above suggests that there could be no overriding of an individual's cognitive control and ‘current evidence suggests that the cognitive processes associated with purchase decisions are multi factorial and cannot be reduced to a single area of activation' (Rarely 2010). In the face of decries and skeptics Joey and Kilts Remain, Brightness's CEO and founder claim that rather than forecasting the shopping behavior of individuals, marketing's will help develop an understanding of how people develop preferences. Our goal is to change company, not consumer, behavior,† says Remain. He adds that this philosophy could improve advertising ethics. â€Å"What if you could, for example, show a company that their moral and ethical behavior has a bigger influence on consumer preference than the color of their packaging or current tag line? â€Å"‘ (Singer 2010). New Scientist magazine conducted a est. of marketing's to choose the ‘most attention getting cover for its 5th August 2010 issue.Nineteen readers of the magazine were shown three alternative covers during EGG tests from which one was ultimately selected. The ultimate result of this experiment and the ensuing cover choice, was a 12% increase in sales year-on-year and the second highest selling issue of the year which the deputy editor Graham Layton claimed was â€Å"unheard of in August† (Tartan 2010). Outside of this, virtually no other results have been published either confirming or condemning the predictive ability of marketing's in the marketplace.However, the one strong virtuous indicator that does exist, is the very fact that a multitude of global companies such as Google, CBS, Frito-Lay, Demolisher's, Brown-Foreman, General Motors, American Express, Campbell Soup, MAT, Disney Media, Heresy's, Millimeters, Colgate- Palmolive, NBC, ESP., and Turner Broadcasting are utilizing this technology as a regular co mponent of their own brand research efforts (ARP Announces Groundbreaking Northeastwards Study 2010; Rarely 2010; Figurate 2007; Bruit 2004). E detractors of marketing's see a dyspepsia future ahead, they envisage a world here we all become little more than purchase-making drones, slaves to big business recklessly pushing away at ‘buy buttons' in our brains to move their wares and their stock prices. Valid concerns have been raised from some quarters citing the potential for the increase of ‘marketing-related diseases' such as obesity, heart disease, and similarly related health issues (Fisher 2010).What we understand from the above however, is that marketing's cannot now or any currently conceivable point in the future, have any ability to override an individual's cognitive control. Marketing's may help to design a more attractive car but will never have the ability to make a man sell his children to purchase it. Even with the limitations of the technology, neurotransmi tters and researchers alike are currently exploring the ethical parameters of the field in order to create a unified framework for operation and quell concerns that vocal outliers currently raise.The primary purpose of this technology, as is the purpose of all marketing research, is to better understand the needs and wants of consumers, the biggest problem with traditional research is the intimidation by a participant's own cognitive bias, or as advertising legend David Googol once said: â€Å"The trouble with market research is that people don't think how they feel, they don't say what they think and they don't do what they say' (quoted in Scar 2011).

Fluorenol Polarity

1. In table format, provide the Rf values you recorded for each of the 3 compounds in Part I. List compound on one axis of your table and solvent system on the other. If multiple spots were present for a compound, give Rf value for each component and state if the component was major or minor. | 100% hexane| 25% EtOAc in hexane| 10% EtOAc in hexane| Fluorene| 0.34 cm| 0.94 cm| 0.67 cm| 9 – fluorenol| 0.00 cm| 0.49 cm| 0.05 cm| 9 – fluorenone| 0.00 cm| 0.69 cm| 0.21 cm| 2. Explain how Rf values were generally affected by polarity of the solvent/eluent systems. As part of your answer, rank the solvent/eluent systems in order of decreasing polarity (this can be done according to structure of the individual solvents and % composition of the mixtures). Also rank the 3 compounds in order of decreasing polarity (this compound ranking can be based on structure as well as on these TLC results). Explain each of your rankings. Compounds: 9-fluorenone, 9-fluorenol. Fluorene Solvent: Ethyl acetate 10% in hexane, Ethyl acetate 25% in hexane, 100% hexane Polarity of each compound reacted differently to each of the solvents used.As we know, ‘like’ interacts with ‘like’. Fluorene has the least amount of polarity based on structure and when it was mixed with non-polar and slightly polar solvents, its mobile phase moved the furthest. Such that when Fluorene was put in 25% EtOAc, which is 75% polar, its mobile phase was the furthest, followed by 90% polar in 10% EtOAc in hexane, and its most solid phase was in 100% hexane. 9–fluorenol is the highest polar compound based on structure and when it was mixed with a polar solvent its mobile phase was the slowest, therefore, it did not travel very far up the silica gel plate.When 9-fluorenol was mixed in slightly polar solvent, 10% EtOAc, its mobile phase also did not travel very far. The only time 9-fluorenol mobile phase travelled up the silica gel plate is when it was combined with 25% EtOAc in hexane because 75% of the solvent was polar, and the remaining 25% allowed its mobile phase to move up the silica gel plate. 9–fluorenone is the second most polar compound when mixed with the above solvents. Based on its structure, when mixed with 100% hexane there was no mobile phase because polar compounds stick with polar solvents.When 9-fluorenone was combined with 10% EtOAc, given about 90% polar, there was a slight mobile phase, moving just slightly up the silica gel plate. Its mobile phase moved the furthest when it was combined in 25% EtOAc in hexane, given about 75% polar, as the remaining 25% was able to move the compound up the polar silica gel plate. Based on the compounds and the Rf values, the compounds with larger Rf values means that the mobile phase traveled the furthest on the polar silica gel plate. Also, the compounds with the larger Rf value indicates that it was a less polar structure, as it interacts less strongly with the polar absorbent on the TLC plate.3. Based on structure, which of the 3 compounds can hydrogen bond to the silica gel? Explain your answer. Do compounds that can hydrogen bond to the silica gel generally have lower or higher Rf’s than compounds that can not? The 9–fluorenol is the only one out of the three compounds that can hydrogen bond to the silica gel plate. Based on Rf values shown in question one, it had a lower Rf value, generally meaning compounds that can hydrogen bond to the silica gel will have the lower Rf values.4. If you attempted to separate a mixture of the 3 compounds using liquid chromatography (see Ch. 18, Lab Techniques book), which compound would theoretically elute from the column first if 25% EtOAc in hexanes was used as eluent? Briefly explain your answer. Fluorene would elute from 25% EtOAc in hexane, since polar compounds are least likely to a have a mobile phase dislodge the fastest or furthest from the silica gel plate, which is polar.mIf the eluent were more non-polar, then there would be a mobile phase further from the solid phase, as non-polar compounds are able to move away from polar solvents because those compounds are not attracted to its polarity.5. Based on TLC, is your dibromide pure and different from trans-stilbene? In your answer give Rf values for each compound (make sure to give solvent system as well!). Do your TLC results prove that your product is really trans-stilbene dibromide? Explain. Based on my results, my dibromide c ompound is different than trans-stilbene.When both compounds were mixed in 100% hexane and 10% EtOAc in hexane, the Rf values were not so different. In 100% hexane, trans-stilbene’s Rf value was 0.39 cm and the dibromide had a value of 0.17 cm. In 10% EtOAc in hexane, trans-stilbene’s Rf value was 0.44 cm and the dibromide had a value of 0.65 cm. Since there was ‘lag’ the Rf value can be considered ambiguous and it is not very telling if the compounds are in fact different. When mixed in 25% EtOAc in hexane, the Rf value differed by 0. 02 cm (trans-stilbene value of 0.96 cm and dibromide value of 0. 4cm). The trans-stilbene and the dibromide do not share identical Rf values, but we can assume since there is only a 0. 02 cm different, it is not enough to say that they are two distinct substances; rather there is some mixture of trans-stilbene in the dibromide, because some of the characteristics may be similar.6. Briefly discuss your TLC results for the â⠂¬Å"headache relief† tablets. Do the tablets seem to contain caffeine? Explain. Does TLC prove your answer? If not, what other â€Å"evidence† would you need to convict Wiley Coyote (chemical evidence that is)? Pure Caffeine| Unknown tablet| Acetaminophen| Acetylsalicylic Acid| EtOAc/Hexane/AcOH66:33:1| 0.01 cm| 0.02 cm| 0.26 cm| 0.26 cm| Based on the above results, one could assume that the tablet did indeed contain caffeine. When the pure caffeine was combined with EtOAc/Hexane/AcOH the Rf value was 0. 01 cm and the unknown tablet had an Rf value of 0.02 cm. Since there was a difference of 0.01 cm, it is not clear to say that there was no caffeine present. Also, since the difference was so minimal between the two compounds it can be suggested that there were significant amounts of caffeine in the unknown tablet.mBased on the TLC results, the Rf values can conclude there was caffeine in the unknown tablet since there was not a big enough difference in values to say tha t the unknown tablet contained any other substances.7. Explain the key/simple difference between gas chromatography and liquid chromatography with regards to eluent (see Lab Techniques book). The mobile phase is an inert gas, generally He2 or N2 does not compete with the stationary phase like TLC or LC, where the mobile phase actively competes with the stationary phase. The mobile phase does not interact with the compounds during GC, while they do interact in liquid chromatography and TLC.8. Later, we will cover mass spectrometry, and will likely also mention a combined analytical technique called GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry). A good overview of GC-MS can be found on Wikipedia (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Gas_chromatography-mass_spectrometry). Briefly, but clearly, explain how GC-MS would be better at solving the â€Å"caffeine crime† compared to simple TLC. GC-MS combines gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry to identify different substances with in a test sample.It is used to perform specific tests that can positively identify the actual presence of a particular substance in a given sample. Although both GC-MS and TLC can identify substances in a given sample, the TLC is a more non-specific test that could lead to false positives identification. If the Rf values are identical, one can assume that the substance are the same and the GC-MS would be better to differentiate the Rf values for two separate substances in a given sample, giving a more accurate identification.